驳“君主制优于民主制”之谬误（注解）

[1] H.-H. Hoppe, Democracy: The God That Failed, New Brunswick: New Jersey,Transaction Publishers, 2001, pp

[2] Ibidem, p. 47.

[3] Ibidem, pp. 25-27; 30-31; 33-39; 47-48; 84; 86.

[4] Ibidem, pp. 41; 54-58; 59; 62; 69.

[5] Ibidem, p. xvi

[6] W. Gogłoza, “Upadek policentrycznego porządku konstytucyjnegośredniowiecznej Islandii w świetle teorii stanu natury Roberta Nozicka”, inOblicza wolności. Od klasycznego liberalizmu do libertarianizmu, Katowice,Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego, 2013, pp. 55-58.

[7] Ibidem, pp. 57-59.

[8] Ibidem, pp. 57-60, 67-68.

[9]íslendingabók, retrieved27 May 2016 from: http://en.wikisource.org/ wiki/%C3%8Dslendingab%C3%B3k.

[10] S. Imsen (ed.), „Taxes, tributes and tributary lands in themakingof the Scandinavian kingdoms in the Middle Ages”, in: Norgesveldet,Chapter 1: From tributes to taxes, Occasional Papers No. 2, Trondheim,Fagbokforlaget, 2001, p 15.

[11] Ibidem, p. 14; R. B. Wærdahl, The Incorporation andIntegration of the King’s Tributary Lands into the Norwegian Realm c. 1195-1397,Leiden-Boston, Brill, 2011, p. 31, 62, 106.

[12] K. Helle, Royal Administration and Finances – 2. Norway, in P. Pulsianoand K. Wolf (eds), Medieval Scandinavia: An Encyclopedia, Garland, Routletge,1993, p. 540.

[13] S. Bagge, From Viking Stronghold to ChristianKingdom: State Formation inNorway, c. 900-1350, Museum Tusculanum Press, 2010, pp. 25-32, 40.

[14] T. Eggertsson, Economic Behavior and Institutions, Cambridge, CambridgeUniversityPress, 1990, pp. 308-309.

[15] W. Gogłoza, „Upadek policentrycznego porządku konstytucyjnegośredniowiecznej Islandii w świetle teorii stanu natury Roberta Nozicka”, in Obliczawolności. Od klasycznego liberalizmu do libertarianizmu, Katowice,Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego, 2013, p. 56.

[16] Ibidem, p. 55.

[17] Ibidem, p. 65.

[18] H.-H. Hoppe, op.cit., p. 18 (footnote).

[19] Ibidem, p. 18 (footnote).

[20] According to the research carried out by Tadeusz Korzon, thenobility in 1791 amounted to 8,2% of the population of the Republic (725thousand out of about 8,7 million citizens) – see: T. Korzon, Wewnętrzne dziejePolski za Stanisława Augusta (1764 – 1794) badania historyczne ze stanowiskaekonomicznego i administracyjnego, volume 1, ed. 2, Kraków-Warszawa, 1897, p.321. Since only the noblemen had the right to vote, it may be assumed that itwas about 4% of the whole society. This number is comparable with GreatBritain, where until 1832 the right to vote in the election of the House ofCommons was given to about 5% of the adult population – see: O. Majkowska,Pozycja parlamentu brytyjskiego w świetle działania systemu dwupartyjnego,doctoral dissertation under the guidance of Jan Iwanek at Faculty of SocialSciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, 2008, p. 54. „Elective monarchiesas they existed for periods of time in Poland, Bohemia, and Hungary,for instance, are obviously less monarchic than are hereditary monarchies.Likewise, «constitutional» monarchies are less monarchic than preconstitutionalones. And «parliamentary» monarchies may well have to be placed closer to ademocracy than to a monarchy, or, with universal suffrage, they may be nomonarchy at all.” H.-H. Hoppe, op.cit., p. 18 (footnote). It is not clear ifHoppe is aware that monarchy in Polandbefore the partition was not only elective, but also “constitutional,”parliamentarian and characterized by relatively common right to vote. In theintroduction to the Polish edition of his work, Hoppe writes that: “Polandwas once an aristocratic country.”

[21] W. Stanek, Konfederacje generalne koronne w XVIII wieku, Toruń, WydawnictwoAdam Marszałek,

1991, p. 171.

[22] The Henrician Articles, retrieved March 20, 2016 from:http://prawnik.trybunal.gov.pl/wszechnica/ akty/art_henr.htm. An example ofofficial disobedience of a part of the nobility was the act of rebellionagainst Sigismund III Vasa launched on June 24th 1607 (see: H. Wisner, ZygmuntIII Waza, Wrocław-Warszawa-Kraków, Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, 1991, p.96). Even though the revolutionaries were violently defeated, in practice –except for few individuals – they were not punished in any way (Ibidem, p. 99).

[23] A. Pawiński, Rządy sejmikowe w epoce królów elekcyjnych. Tom I.Warszawa, 1888, pp. 72-74; A. Lityński, Sejmiki ziemskie 1764-1793. Dziejereformy, Katowice, 1988, pp. 33; 141.

[24] A. Pawiński, Rządy sejmikowe..., op. cit., pp. 377-378.

[25] Ibidem, pp. 300; 319-320.

[26]W. Stanek, Konfederacje generalne..., op. cit., pp. 55; 114-131; 146-162. Anexample could be an alliance with Russiaformed by the general Sandomierz confederacy (created by August II) of August30, 1704 (see: E. Rostworowski, Historia Powszechna wiek XVIII, ed. 4.Warszawa: PWN, 1994, p.239).

[27] Ibidem, pp. 46; 67-71; 80. Targowica Confederation can beconsidered an exception since its council committee was created by means ofco-option (Ibidem, pp. 84-85).

[28] T. Korzon, Wewnętrzne dzieje Polski..., op. cit., p. 331.

[29] A. Lityński, Sejmiki ziemskie..., op. cit., Katowice, pp.126-127; 182.

[30] H.-H. Hoppe, op. cit, p. 96.

[31] E. Rostworowski, Historia Powszechna..., op. cit., p. 100.

[32] Ibidem, p. 103

[33] J. Luiten van Zanden, Early modern economic growth. A survey of theEuropean economy, in M. Prak (ed.), Early Modern Capitalism: Economic andSocial Change in Europe 1400-1800, Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005, p. 74.

[34] S. Pamuk, J. Luiten van Zanden, The Cambridge Economic History ofModern Europe: Volume 1,

1700–1870, Chapter 9 “Standards ofliving”, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2010, p. 221.

[35]W. Orłowski, Rozwój i załamania: gospodarka polska w ostatnim tysiącleciu,retrieved 16 April 2016 from: http://www.nobe.pl/gospodarka-pol-1000.htm,chart: http://www.nobe.pl/hist-wyk4.htm

[36] G. Wójtowicz, A. Wójtowicz, Dlaczego nie jesteśmy bogaci? Dystansgospodarki polskiej do zachodnioeuropejskiej, Warszawa, CeDeWu, 2009, p.43.

[37] B. Markowski, Administracja Skarbowa w Polsce, Warszawa, WyższaSzkoła Handlowa w Warszawie, 1931, p. 25.

[38] Ibidem, p. 25. Z. Gloger, Encyklopedja staropolska ilustrowana, t.IV, Warszawa, 1903, p. 52.

[39] B. Markowski, op. cit., pp. 36-37; Z. Gloger, op. cit., p. 51; A.Jezierski, C. Leszczyńska, Historia gospodarcza Polski, Warszawa, WydawnictwoKey Text, 2003, p. 95.

[40] E. Rostworowski, op. cit., pp. 100; 103-104; Z. Szpringer,Publiczne zadłużenie Polski z perspektywy historycznej, Analizy BAS, no. 2(69), Biuro Analiz Sejmowych, 2012, p. 2/14.

[41] Ibidem, p. 2/14 (footnote); A. Jezierski, C. Leszczyńska, op. cit.,p. 96.

[42] E.g. in 1646 sejm objected to waging war with Turkey,forcing Vladislaus IV Vasa to abandon his military plans (see: J. Ekes, Złotademokracja, Warszawa, Instytut Wydawniczy PAX, 1987, p. 235).

[43] H. Wisner, Zygmunt III Waza, Wrocław-Warszawa-Kraków, ZakładNarodowy im. Ossolińskich,

1991, p. 72.

[44] Ibidem, pp. 108; 117.

[45]E. Rostworowski, op. cit., p. 238.

[46] Making a treaty with Russia bythe Sandomierz Confederation on August 30th, 1704 (see the previous footnote).

[47] E. Rostworowski, op. cit., pp. 97-98.

[48] Ibidem, p. 98.

[49] A. Jezierski, C. Leszczyńska, op. cit., pp. 69; 96.

[50] B. Cook, Belgium: A History, New York, Peter Lang Publishing, 2005,p. 64; M. Vauthier, “The New Belgian Constitution”, in Political ScienceQuarterly, Vol. 9, No. 4, 1894, pp. 722-723; 725.

[51] E. D. Morel, King Leopold’s rule in Africa, London, WilliamHeinemann, 1904, introduction.

[52] Ibidem, pp. 20-22.

[53] Ibidem, pp. 39-43.

[54] Ibidem, p. 78.

[55] Ibidem, p. 32.

[56] Ibidem, p. 73; M. Ma Khenzu, A Modern History of Monetary andFinancial Systems of Congo 1885-1995, 2003, pp. 91-95; 356 (map) (PhD thesis).

[57] Ibidem, p. 97.

[58] E. D. Morel, op. cit., p. 66.

[59] Ibidem, p. 56; M. Ma Khenzu, op. cit., pp. 99-100.

[60] Ibidem, pp. 97-98.

[61] E. D. Morel, op. cit., pp. 70-71.

[62] Ibidem, pp.185-187.

[63] M. Ma Khenzu, op. cit., p. 115.

[64] E. D. Morel, op. cit., pp. 131; 157-158; 166-167; 169; 247.

[65] M. Ma Khenzu, op. cit., p. 83; E. D. Morel, op. cit., pp. 143;146-147.

[66] M. Ma Khenzu, op. cit., p. 115

[67] M. Ma Khenzu, op. cit., pp. 57; 162.

[68] E. D. Morel, op. cit., pp. 105-106.

[69] Ibidem, pp. 110-114.

[70] Ibidem, pp. 120-121.

[71] L. Gardner, The Fiscal History of the Belgian Congo in ComparativePerspective”, Workshop: Colonial Extortion and Economic Development: TheBelgian Congo and the Dutch East Indies Compared. University of Antwerp, 2011,retrieved 16 April 2016, from: http://vkc.library.uu.nl/vkc/

[72] Ibidem, p. 8.

[73] E. D. Morel, op.cit., pp. 182; 185; 221; 238-241; R. J. Rummel,Exemplifying the Horror of European

Colonization: Leopold’s Congo,retrieved 16 April 2016 from: http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/

COMM.7.1.03.HTM.

[74] M. Ma Khenzu, op. cit., p. 107.

[75] Ibidem, p. 109.

[76] H.-H. Hoppe, op. cit., p. 59.

[77] Ibidem, p. 42.

[78] Ibidem, pp. 41-42.

[79] Ibidem, pp. 48; 82.

[80] Ibidem, p. 18 (footnote).

[81] Ibidem, p. 42 (footnote).

[82] An example of Adolf Hitler is commonly provided in discussions ashe came into power through democratic process. It is true that he was appointedas chancellor by a democratically chosen president after his political partyhad won the elections to Reichstag, although it had not obtained an absolutemajority. However, after adapting the laws granting the government specialpowers, the influence of the people on the issue of removing him from theoffice and on the control of his actions disappeared completely. Thelegislative power that gave right to enforce decrees that were incompatiblewith the constitution was in the hands of the government, and in practice –Hitler himself. Next, a special decree prohibited all political parties otherthan National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP) from taking part inpolitics and mock elections were organized resulting in granting all governmentoffices to the NSDAP members. Until the end of the Third Reich era, no otherelections were organized and the role of the Reichstag was only formallyaccepting Hitlers propositions.

[82] Ibidem, p. 42 (footnote).

[83] H.-H. Hoppe, op. cit., p. 42 (footnote).

[84] See: a great number of journalistic information, e.g. A. Higgins,In Siberia’s last gulag: Conditions in North Korea’s Russian logging camps,originally built for political prisoners, are reminiscent of the old Sovietgulag. But North Koreans fight to be sent to them, because from there they candefect. Retrieved 16 April 2016 from:http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/in-siberias-last-gulag-conditions-in-north-koreas-russian-logging-camps-originally-built-for-political-prisoners-are-reminiscent-of-the-old-soviet-gulag-but-north-koreans-fight-to-be-sent-to-them-because-from-there-they-can-defect-1425245.html;S. Smith, North Korean labor camps in Siberia. Retrieved 16 April 2016 from:http://edition.cnn.com/2011/12/15/world/asia/north-korean-labor-camps-in-siberia/index.html; A. Devalpo, North Korean slaves. Retrieved 16 April 2016 from:http://mondediplo. com/2006/04/08koreanworkers; K. Jin Mi, Runaway Loggers onthe Rise Due to Wage Cuts. Retrieved 16 April 2016 from:http://www.dailynk.com/english/read.php?cataId=nk01300&num=7034.

[85] Even since 1946 if one was to acknowledge the reign of Kim Il-sungas the leader of Provisional People’s Committee for North Korea before officialfounding of Democratic People’s Republic of Korea.

[86] The data for the period since 1995 can be accessed at:http://www.heritage.org/index/explore; 2015 Index of Economic Freedom,Appendix, Methodology: http://www.heritage.org/index/pdf/2015/book/methodology.pdf.

[87] The distinction between democratic and non-democratic states isbased on the List of Electoral

Democracies, FIW (1989-2015),retrieved 16 April 2016 from: https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/List%20of%20Electoral%20Democracies%2C%20FIW%201989-2015.xls – for theindex for each year I have applied data from a previous year (that reflect thesituation of the year before the previous year), since the data for the annualIndex of Economic Freedom come from the second half of the year before theprevious year and the first half of the previous year and some of them includepreceding years as well (see: e.g. 2015 Index of Economic Freedom, Appendix,Methodology: http:// www.heritage.org/index/pdf/2015/book/methodology.pdf, p.485). The criterion for being considered a democracy is obtaining at least 7points out of 12 in the sub-category of Electoral Process and at least 20 (outof 40) in the category of Political Rights in the Freedom in the World rating.For details, see:https://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world-2015/methodology, retrieved16 April 2016.

[88] Countries which were attributed 0 points in the sub-category ofElectoral Process in the Freedom in the World rating.

[89] The data given in the Freedom in the World rating come from the2006-2015 period (https://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world-aggregate-and-subcategory-scores),for the Heritage Foundation ranking the data come from the previous year. Notall countries that obtained 0 points in the sub-category of Electoral Processin the Freedom in the World rating were classified in particular years in theIndex of Economic Freedom. The countries taken under consideration include:Saudi Arabia, China, Equatorial Guinea, North Korea, Cuba, Laos, Swaziland,Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Vietnam (all years), Belarus and Fiji (2008-2015),Eritrea (2009-2015), Libya and Syria (2007-2012), Brunei (2014-2015), UnitedArab Emirates and Haiti (2007), Thailand (2008), Central African Republic(2015).

[90] In 2013, the “Ten Great Principles for the establishment of amonolithic thought system of the KWP” which are considered the ultimate rulesfor the government’s and society’s co-existence that people have to learn byheart, were altered. Apart from changing the name into “Ten Great Principlesfor the establishment of a monolithic leadership system of the KWP,” the formerdictator Kim Jong-il was put on a par with his father, Kim Il-sung, which isreflected especially in the change of the phrase “Make absolute the authority of the Great Leader Comrade KIM Il Sung”into “Make absolute the authority of the Great Leader Comrade Kim Il-sung,Comrade Kim Jong-il and the Party, and defend it to the death.” In thisstatement, the Party refers to the current dictator, Kim Jong-un, the grandsonof Kim Il-sung. Another phrase which was added to the document states that theParty needs to be an eternal living pulse of the revolutionary patrimony withthe bloodline of Mount Paektu (the bloodline of Mount Paektu refers to KimIl-sung’s family). This is the official declaration of and legitimation for thepower of the family of Kim Il-sung in North Korea. See: I. Jiro, Program forthe Legitimization of Kim Jong-un Regime, retrieved 18 April 2016 from:http://www.asiapress.org/rimjingang/english/ report/2013-10-23/; P.Chang-ryong, Kim Il-sung Portraits replaced by Kim Il-sung – Kim Jong-il Duo,retrieved 18 April 2016 from:http://www.asiapress.org/rimjingang/english/report/2014-10-28/; K. Jin Mi, NKAdds Kim Jong Il to ‚Ten Principles’, retrieved 18 April 2016 from:http://www.dailynk.com/ english/read.php?cataId=nk01500&num=10828; A. Yoo,North Korea rewrites rules to legitimise Kim family succession, retrieved 18April 2016 from: http://www.scmp.com/news/asia/article/1296394/democratic-peoples-monarchy-korea-north-korea-changes-ruling-principles. Theprevious version of the text can be accessed at the Citizens’ Alliance forNorth Korean Human Rights website: http://eng. nkhumanrights.or.kr.

543 Res Publica. Revista de Historiade las Ideas Políticas Vol. 19

[91] Economic Freedom of the World: 2014 Annual Report. Retrieved 16April 2016 from: http://www. freetheworld.com/2014/EFW2014-POST.pdf, pp. 3-6,231-243.

[92] The global report by the Frasier Institute of 2014 – perennialdata: http://www.freetheworld.com/2014/ Master-Index-2014-Report-FINAL.xls; theranking for each year is presented in the report two years later (e.g. thereport of 2014 is based on the data from 2012), the data presented in thisindex concern the year that that they regard, not the year of the publicationof the report. The distinction between democratic and non-democratic states isbased on the List of Electoral Democracies, FIW (1989-2015):https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/List%20of%20Electoral%20Democracies%2C%20

FIW%201989-2015.xls – for the rankingfor the particular year, I have adopted the data from the following year (thatrefer to the situation during the year that the ranking concerns). The criteriafor being qualified as a democracy is obtaining at least 7 point out of 12points on the sub-category of Electoral Process and at least 20 (out of 40)points in the category of Political Rights in the Freedom in the World rating;for details, see:https://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world-2015/methodology. Thecountries listed above have obtained 0 points in the sub-category of ElectoralProcess in the Freedom in the World rating during all, or majority of, yearsthat were considered in the summary available at:https://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world-aggregate-and-subcategory-scores.

[93] See: e.g. J. Hülsmann, Ethics of Money Production, Auburn, Ludwigvon Mises Institute, 2008, pp. 100; 104.

[94] R. J. Rummel, Democracies ARE Less Warlike Than Other Regimes, in:European Journal of International Relations 1, 1995, retrieved 20 April 2016from: https://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/DP95.HTM.

[95] R. J. Rummel, Libertarianism and International Violence, in: TheJournal of Conflict Resolution

27, 1983, retrieved 20 April 2016from: https://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/DP83.HTM – empirical data examined inthis paper reveal that during 1976-1980 period, countries characterized by“political freedom” (democracies that respect the citizen rights, but notnecessarily economically free) were not involved in any wars between oneanother. Rummel also Refers to the works of other researchers, showing that 14strong democracies during 1920-1965 period were not involved in any warsagainst one another, and in the period of 1816-1980 only two marginal cases ofwars between democratic countries (defined even more broadly, i. e. only asones where electoral process and parliament existed) were recorded: Finlandthat together with Nazi Germany attacked Soviet Union, technically entering thewar with allied democracies fighting against Hitler and the First Italian Warof Independence in 1849.

[96] Idem, Death By Government, New Brunswick, Transaction Publishers,1994, table 1.1.: https://www. hawaii.edu/powerkills/NOTE1.HTM;https://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/DBG.TAB1.1.GIF; see also:

Idem, Power Kills, Appendix 1.1, QAnd A On The Fact That Democracies Do Not Make War On Each

Other, retrieved 19 April 2016 from:https://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/PK.APPEN1.1.HTM.